• Reflective Color Display Based on a WO3 Electrochromic Layer and Chiral Liquid Crystal Reflector
  • Hyo Seok Oh , Ae Bin Na, Minhye Kim, and Se-Um Kim

  • Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea

  • 카이랄 액정 반사층과 WO3 전기변색 층을 기반으로 한 반사형 컬러 디스플레이
  • 오효석 · 나애빈 · 김민혜 · 김세움

  • 서울과학기술대학교 전기정보공학과

  • Reproduction, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form of any part of this publication is permitted only by written permission from the Polymer Society of Korea.

References
  • 1. Herle, D.; Martin, O. J. F.; Villanueva, L. G.; Quack, N. Emulating Paper: A Review of Reflective Display Technologies. J. Opt. Microsyst. 2024, 4, 020901.
  •  
  • 2. Kim, D. Y.; Kim, M.-J.; Sung, G.; Sun, J.-Y. Stretchable and Reflective Displays: Materials, Technologies and Strategies. Nano. Converg. 2019, 6, 21.
  •  
  • 3. Kholghi Eshkalak, S.; Khatibzadeh, M.; Kowsari, E.; Chinnappan, A.; Jayathilaka, W. A. D. M.; Ramakrishna, S. Overview of Electronic Ink and Methods of Production for Use in Electronic Displays. Opt. Laser Technol. 2019, 117, 38-51.
  •  
  • 4. Heikenfeld, J.; Drzaic, P.; Yeo, J.-S.; Koch, T. Review Paper: A Critical Review of the Present and Future Prospects for Electronic Paper. J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 2011, 19, 129-156.
  •  
  • 5. Chen, H.-W.; Lee, J.-H.; Lin, B.-Y.; Chen, S.; Wu, S.-T. Liquid Crystal Display and Organic Light-Emitting Diode Display: Present Status and Future Perspectives. Light Sci. Appl. 2018, 7, 17168.
  •  
  • 6. Yin, K.; Hsiang, E.-L.; Zou, J.; Li, Y.; Yang, Z.; Yang, Q.; Lai, P.-C.; Lin, C.-L.; Wu, S.-T. Advanced Liquid Crystal Devices for Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Displays: Principles and Applications. Light Sci. Appl. 2022, 11, 161.
  •  
  • 7. Ko, I. J.; Park, J. H.; Kim, G. W.; Lampande, R.; Kwon, J. H. An Optically Efficient Full-Color Reflective Display with an Electrochromic Device and Color Production Units. J. Inf. Disp. 2019, 20, 155-160.
  •  
  • 8. Cho, H. M.; Hwang, Y. J.; Oh, H. S.; Hwang, H. S.; Kim, K.; Kim, S.-U.; Na, J.-H. Recent Advances in Electrochromic Devices: From Multicolor to Flexible Applications. Adv. Photonics Res. 2025, 6, 2400103.
  •  
  • 9. Kao, W.-C.; Hsu, Y.-C.; Hong, K.-D.; Chen, H.; Lin, C.-M.; Yin, R.-X. Color Electronic Paper With Front Light. IEEE Consum. Electron. Mag. 2025, 14, 94-104.
  •  
  • 10. Lu, C.-M.; Wey, C.-L. A Controller Design for Color Active-Matrix Displays Using Electrophoretic Inks and Color Filters. IEEE/OSA J. Disp. Technol. 2011, 7, 482-489.
  •  
  • 11. Li, L.; Yu, Z.; Ye, C.; Song, Y. Structural Color Boosted Electrochromic Devices: Strategies and Applications. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2311845.
  •  
  • 12. Li, Z.; Liu, Z.; Zhao, L.; Chen, Y.; Li, J.; Yan, W. Efficient Electrochromic Efficiency and Stability of Amorphous/Crystalline Tungsten Oxide Film. J. Alloys Compd. 2023, 930, 167405.
  •  
  • 13. Bae, J.; Kim, H.; Moon, H. C.; Kim, S. H. Low-Voltage, Simple WO3-Based Electrochromic Devices by Directly Incorporating an Anodic Species into the Electrolyte. J. Mater. Chem. C 2016, 4, 10887-10892.
  •  
  • 14. Guo, J.; Jia, H.; Shao, Z.; Jin, P.; Cao, X. Fast-Switching WO3-Based Electrochromic Devices: Design, Fabrication, and Applications. Acc. Mater. Res. 2023, 4, 438-447.
  •  
  • 15. Hu, Y.; Wang, L.; Li, G. Electrochromic Properties of Sputtered Ti-Doped WO3 Films. Plasma Sci. Technol. 2007, 9, 452.
  •  
  • 16. Zhang, S.; Chen, S.; Yang, F.; Hu, F.; Yan, B.; Gu, Y.; Jiang, H.; Cao, Y.; Xiang, M. High-Performance Electrochromic Device Based on Novel Polyaniline Nanofibers Wrapped Antimony-Doped Tin Oxide/TiO2 Nanorods. Org. Electron. 2019, 65, 341-348.
  •  
  • 17. Shin, D.; Kim, J.; Choi, S.; Song, G.; Rougier, A.; Lee, C. S. Evaluation of Low-Voltage-Driven Multi-Colored Electrochromic Device Based on Dry-Deposited V2O5. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2023, 257, 112341.
  •  
  • 18. Karaca, G. Y.; Eren, E.; Alver, C.; Koc, U.; Uygun, E.; Oksuz, L.; Oksuz, A. U. Plasma Modified V2O5/PEDOT Hybrid Based Flexible Electrochromic Devices. Electroanalysis 2017, 29, 1324-1331.
  •  
  • 19. Rakibuddin, M.; Shinde, M. A.; Kim, H. Sol-Gel Fabrication of NiO and NiO/WO3 Based Electrochromic Device on ITO and Flexible Substrate. Ceram. Int. 2020, 46, 8631-8639.
  •  
  • 20. Ma, D.; Shi, G.; Wang, H.; Zhang, Q.; Li, Y. Hierarchical NiO Microflake Films with High Coloration Efficiency, Cyclic Stability and Low Power Consumption for Applications in a Complementary Electrochromic Device. Nanoscale 2013, 5, 4808-4815.
  •  
  • 21. Do, M.; Park, C.; Bae, S.; Kim, J.; Kim, J. H. Design of Highly Stable and Solution-Processable Electrochromic Devices Based on PEDOT:PSS. Org. Electron. 2021, 93, 106106.
  •  
  • 22. Singh, R.; Tharion, J.; Murugan, S.; Kumar, A. ITO-Free Solution-Processed Flexible Electrochromic Devices Based on PEDOT:PSS as Transparent Conducting Electrode. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 19427-19435.
  •  
  • 23. Kang, J.-H.; Oh, Y.-J.; Paek, S.-M.; Hwang, S.-J.; Choy, J.-H. Electrochromic Device of PEDOT-PANI Hybrid System for Fast Response and High Optical Contrast. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009, 93, 2040-2044.
  •  
  • 24. Lin, T.-H.; Ho, K.-C. A Complementary Electrochromic Device Based on Polyaniline and Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene). Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2006, 90, 506-520.
  •  
  • 25. Liang, Z.; Nakamura, K.; Kobayashi, N. A Multicolor Electrochromic Device Having Hybrid Capacitor Architecture with a Porous Carbon Electrode. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2019, 200, 109914.
  •  
  • 26. Moon, H. C.; Kim, C.-H.; Lodge, T. P.; Frisbie, C. D. Multicolored, Low-Power, Flexible Electrochromic Devices Based on Ion Gels. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2016, 8, 6252-6260.
  •  
  • 27. Chen, B.-H.; Kao, S.-Y.; Hu, C.-W.; Higuchi, M.; Ho, K.-C.; Liao, Y.-C. Printed Multicolor High-Contrast Electrochromic Devices. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 25069-25076.
  •  
  • 28. Liu, H.-S.; Pan, B.-C.; Huang, D.-C.; Kung, Y.-R.; Leu, C.-M.; Liou, G.-S. Highly Transparent to Truly Black Electrochromic Devices Based on an Ambipolar System of Polyamides and Viologen. NPG Asia Mater. 2017, 9, e388.
  •  
  • 29. Kortz, C.; Hein, A.; Ciobanu, M.; Walder, L.; Oesterschulze, E. Complementary Hybrid Electrodes for High Contrast Electrochromic Devices with Fast Response. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 4874.
  •  
  • 30. Zhang, W.; Li, H.; Yu, W. W.; Elezzabi, A. Y. Transparent Inorganic Multicolour Displays Enabled by Zinc-Based Electrochromic Devices. Light Sci. Appl. 2020, 9, 121.
  •  
  • 31. Ling, Y.; Xiang, C.; Zhou, G. Multicolored Electrochromism from Benzodipyrrolidone-Based Ambipolar Electrochromes at a Fixed Potential. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 290-300.
  •  
  • 32. Kim, S.-U.; Lee, S.-H.; Lee, I.-H.; Lee, B.-Y.; Na, J.-H.; Lee, S.-D. Generation of Intensity-Tunable Structural Color from Helical Photonic Crystals for Full Color Reflective-Type Display. Opt. Express 2018, 26, 13561.
  •  
  • 33. Yu, Z.; Wang, J.; Li, L.; Guo, Z.; Liu, S.; Ding, Y.; Wu, M.; Ye, C. Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Polymer Grids Enabling Facile Fabrication of Structural Color-Enhanced Electrochromic Devices for Advanced Security Encryption with Multi-Mode Display Effects. Chem. Eng. J. 2025, 521, 166731.
  •  
  • 34. Li, X.; Guo, Y.; Zhang, M.; Zhang, C.; Niu, R.; Ma, H.; Sun, Y. Colorable Light-Scattering Device Based on Polymer-Stabilized Ion-Doped Cholesteric Liquid Crystal and an Electrochromatic Layer. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15, 7184-7195.
  •  
  • 35. Wang, L.; Urbas, A. M.; Li, Q. Nature-Inspired Emerging Chiral Liquid Crystal Nanostructures: From Molecular Self-Assembly to DNA Mesophase and Nanocolloids. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 1801335.
  •  
  • 36. Coates, D. Development and Applications of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. Liq. Cryst. 2015, 42, 653-665.
  •  
  • 37. Cai, G.; Cui, M.; Kumar, V.; Darmawan, P.; Wang, J.; Wang, X.; Lee-Sie Eh, A.; Qian, K.; Lee, P. S. Ultra-Large Optical Modulation of Electrochromic Porous WO₃ Film and the Local Monitoring of Redox Activity. Chem. Sci. 2016, 7, 1373-1382.
  •  
  • 38. Wen, R.-T.; Granqvist, C. G.; Niklasson, G. A. Eliminating Degradation and Uncovering Ion-Trapping Dynamics in Electrochromic WO₃ Thin Films. Nat. Mater. 2015, 14, 996-1001.
  •  
  • 39. Costa, C.; Pinheiro, C.; Henriques, I.; Laia, C. A. T. Inkjet Printing of Sol-Gel Synthesized Hydrated Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles for Flexible Electrochromic Devices. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 1330-1340.
  •  
  • 40. Li, X.; Chen, Y.; Du, C.; Liao, X.; Yang, Y.; Feng, W. Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Elastomer Coatings with Brilliant Structural Colors and Mechanochromic Response Fabricated by Spray Deposition. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2024, 34, 2412298.
  •  
  • 41. Christou, M. A.; Papanicolaou, N. C.; Polycarpou, A. C. Modeling the Reflection from Cholesteric Liquid Crystals Using Modal Analysis and Mode Matching. Phys. Rev. E 2012, 85, 031702.
  •  
  • 42. Qu, H.; Zhang, H.; Li, N.; Tong, Z.; Wang, J.; Zhao, J.; Li, Y. A Rapid-Response Electrochromic Device with Significantly Enhanced Electrochromic Performance. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 803-806.
  •  
  • Polymer(Korea) 폴리머
  • Frequency : Bimonthly(odd)
    ISSN 2234-8077(Online)
    Abbr. Polym. Korea
  • 2025 Impact Factor : 1.0
  • Indexed in SCIE

This Article

  • 2026; 50(4): 505-512

    Published online Jul 25, 2026

  • 10.7317/pk.2026.50.4.505
  • Received on Jan 14, 2026
  • Revised on May 18, 2026
  • Accepted on Jun 24, 2026

Correspondence to

  • Se-Um Kim
  • Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Korea

  • E-mail: seumkim@seoultech.ac.kr